If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse. Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, nausea, and low blood pressure. Long-acting formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian, and other brand names as well as generically. Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral sublingual via inhalation injection into a muscle by injection under the skin intravenously injection into the space around the spinal cord transdermal or via rectal suppository. It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies ( Papaver somniferum).
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